(2)	Cellular+respiration+–+an+overview

=** Useful Vocabulary Before Reading **= __ Mitochondria: __ If O 2 i s present following glycolysis, pyruvate is modified and enters the mitochondria. Here food is broken down completely into CO 2. Energy storage molecules like NADH and ATP are produced. This is why mitochondria is called the power house of the cell.


 * View of Mitochondria under microscope**

__ ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): __ ATP is the cells energy currency. Cellular work such as metabolism, transport, and movement is powered by the breakdown of ATP.


 * ATP**

__ Glucose: __ Glucose is full of energy in its chemical bonds. Coal can be thought when considering the kind of form glucose has. As coal has chock which can be seen as full of energy. However, it is useless when you want to make a broken clock work. Burning the coal creates heat and energy, so it is same with glucose. By going through the respiration process, energy in glucose becomes useful.

The process by which cells break down food sources such as glucose, fats, and protein and release their stored energy. There are two main types of respiration, aerobic, requiring oxygen and anaerobic, no oxygen required. Both forms produce energy storage molecules called ATP, adenosine triphosphate. (Gregory)
 * Respiration is… **

Cellular Respiration is a process of organisms taking oxygen and sugar glucose, then turning them into ATP, energy for the body. Like any other process, cellular respiration also uses up energy and these energies are generated from glucose and oxygen. Other molecules such as oxidation and hydrolysis are also processed when glucose is used up during cellular respiration. To not use other molecules, it reforms and changes the composition of molecules. During the process of cellular respiration, the organisms are allowed to release energy kept in the chemical bonds of glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6. Then this energy is used to create ATP. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has the function of sending power to the cell and supplying the energy that the cell needs when it needs to accomplish a task. Therefore, cellular respiration can be defined as a process of transferring the energy in glucose to ATP. Other products can be made during the last step of cellular respiration which is the electron transport cycle. It would take place in the cytochrome oxidation complex. O 2 molecules and hydrogen ions would create water molecules, and then it is free from the body. ("Cell Respiration")

media type="youtube" key="3uSlWtPGDxY" height="315" width="560" Credit: Chapter 9 Podcast 1: Introduction to Cellular Respiration by Mr.DBioCFC, 11/11/11, []
 * Video on the introduction of cellular respiration.**

**Chemical Equation for cellular respiration** **is…**

**AEROBIC:** Six oxygen plus glucose produces six carbon dioxide plus six water plus energy (as ATP) (Refer to the page 7)

** Glycolysis: ** Glucose plus 2 adenosine triphosphate plus 2 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide produces 2 pyruvate plus 4 adenosine triphosphate plus 2 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen

**The Krebs Cycle:** 2 acetyl - CoA plus 2 oxaloacetate produces 4 carbon dioxide plus 6 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen plus 2 flavin adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen plus 2 adenosine triphosphate plus 2 oxaloacetate **The Electron Transport Chain:** 10 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen plus 2 flavin adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen produces 34 adenosine triphosphate

**ANAEROBIC:** **Lactic Acid Fermentation:** Hydrogen from the NADH molecule is transferred to the pyruvate molecule. OR  C 6 H 12 O 6 -> C 3 H 6 O 3 + Energy (2 ATP) --> Glucose produces lactic acid plus energy (2 ATP) **Alcoholic Fermentation:** pyruvate plus nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen produces ethyl alcohol plus nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plus carbon dioxide. OR C 6 H 12 O 6 -> 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 + Energy (2 ATP) -->Glucose produces two ethanol plus two carbon dioxide plus energy (2 ATP) (Spark Notes)



**Measuring Human Respiration...** Human respiration is measured by counting how many times the chest (sometimes the stomach) rises or by counting the number of breaths during one minute when the person at rest. Respiration could rise for the reason of illness or other medical circumstances. It has been proven that an adult at rest should have an average of 12-18 breaths per minute. However, they could vary like 1-14, 12-20 or it could even be 16-18. If the rate is slow, more accurate result could be observed by counting the full minute of breaths. ("Respiratory Rate") Average Respiratory Rates By Age:
 * Newborns: 30-40 breaths per minute
 * Less Than 1 Year: 30-40 breaths per minute
 * 1-3 Years: 23-35 breaths per minute
 * 3-6 Years: 20-30 breaths per minute
 * 6-12 Years: 18-26 breaths per minute
 * 12-17 Years: 12-20 breaths per minute
 * Adults Over 18: 8–20 breaths per minute

**H** ** ow to measure and record Human Respiration: ** [] **Facts & Warnings:**
 * 1) By observing, find out the right spot on one’s stomach or chest by considering whether it has the movement of rising and falling.
 * 2) To know the respiratory rate per minute, use 15 seconds to record the amount of times the chest or stomach rises, then multiply this result by 4 (when done for 30 minutes, then multiply it by 2). The reason for counting the rises rather falls is because it is easier to count.
 * 3) Record whether the breathing is regular or irregular.
 * 4) Record how much exertion is taken to breath (difficult or painless).
 * 5) Observe whether or not the person is breathing shallow or deep.
 * 6) Carefully smell the odour of breathing, consider and take in fact of odd odour like fruity or fecal.
 * 7) Note your observation in the order or rate, rhythm, effort, depth, noise, and odors. An example of a record could be, “Respiratory rate is 28, irregular, difficult, deep, no noise and no odor.” (Ripptoe)
 * If the person realizes that you are recording their respiratory rate, they might suddenly get nervous this could affect their breathing out. So, to get an accurate data, one way could be to pretend as if measuring the pulse, but you then have to observe their stomach or chest.
 * If you are embarrassed or have difficulty seeing the stomach or the chest, just place your hand on the person’s stomach. This will also help you to observe the rise and fall.
 * Normal people’s respiratory rate is 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
 * If you can smell a fruity or fecal odor this might signify a medical emergency. ("How to measure")

**Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration...**

Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen. Most organisms are aerobes which mean they are oxygen dependent, aerobic respiration is their choice of respiratory pathway, and it is more efficient than anaerobic respiration. This process occurs in the mitochondria. ( "Cell Respiration - Energy") In brief, cellular respiration happens in 3 phases: Glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (or Electron Transport Chain). Cellular respiration takes place near or in the mitochondria, an organelle in all eukaryotic cells.

Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. In Glycolysis, a sugar is taken in and, through a bit of energy stored in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), it gives off some electrons which are stored, and it splits into Pyruvic acid. This process generates two molecules of ATP, a major energy carrier molecule. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process and can then be followed by an aerobic or anaerobic process.

In the Kreb's Cycle, the pyruvic acid gives off more electrons and cycles through, some of it becoming carbon dioxide.

Electron transport chain is a series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. In electron transport chain (ETC), the stored electrons "pump" hydrogen cations (positive ion) to one side of the inner mitochondria membrane. Due to the high concentration, the hydrogen cations flow back through a protein that makes a lot of ATP. For every sugar molecule, it makes about 60 of these. The oxygen is taken in here to take care of the hydrogen ions- it becomes water. ("What is cellular")

Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration requires no oxygen is required for these processes. This process occurs in the cytoplasm. The process only involves glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, and fermentation. The pyruvates produced from glycolysis have much less ATP molecules as they are used in fermentation instead. Some examples of anaerobes are bacteria and yeast. Fermentation is a process that follows Glycolysis when oxygen is not present. Pyruvate can be metabolized by: Lactic Acid Fermentation is under anaerobic conditions. The Krebs cycles and electron transport chain cannot happen. Two molecules of pyruvate uses NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid. This releases NAD+, which can be used for glycolysis to continue happening. This produces ATP that is not as much, but can still be used for energy. (Respiration)
 * Alcoholic fermentation: produces ethyl alcohol and CO2 - yeast can ferment apple juice to fill a balloon.
 * Lactic acid fermentation: produces lactic acid. It can build up in muscles during strenuous exercise and cause burning and soreness. ("Unit 4.4: Anaerobic")


 * Coil Bacteria (anaerobic bacteria) living in human digestive tract**



**View of overall process**

**An overview of the processes of cellular respiration showing the major pathways and the places where ATP is synthesized**

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration both have advantages and disadvantages.
 * Advantages and Disadvantages of Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration... **

Another advantage could be the speed of producing ATP. An example could be that muscles have the quick access of energy. It emits 'less than half the energy from each molecule of glucose' (Respiration). Thus, it is less useful and capable than aerobic respiration. It produces lactic acid which can cause muscle fatigue by its toxic substance. It creates oxygen debt which is referring to need of repayment in order to break down the lactic acid. (Muscle Metabolism) ||
 * ~  ||~ Aerobic ||~ Anaerobic ||
 * ~ Advantages || They produce huge amounts of ATP. One molecule of glucose can be converted into up to 32 molecules of ATP. A main advantage is the quantity of energy it emits. Organisms can only divide glucose into two molecules of pyruvate and this is only enough energy to formulate two ATP molecules when without oxygen. Conversely, when it is with oxygen, organisms can divide glucose exactly into two ATP molecules. We now all know that aerobic respiration emits more energy than anaerobic respiration. This can be the reason why the world's living things are dominated by aerobic respiration. (DiMaria) || It is quite instant and does not require oxygen when creating energy. One obvious fact of advantage on anaerobic respiration could be that those organisms can still live in places where there are less or no oxygen. Some of these places could be like soil, deep water, and the digestive tracts of animals in humans. (Brooks) ||
 * ~ Disadvantages || ==== The speed of producing ATP is quite slow and it involves oxygen. It involves oxygen to power the Krebs cycle and electron transfer chain. ==== || It creates only 2 ATP and lactic acid. Most of the lactic acid disperse out of the cell and into the bloodstream. It is then absorbed by the liver. Some stay in the muscle fiber and takes a role in muscle fatigue. During active exercise, there is a lot of ATP needed. As when people exercise quicker than they originally are, they bring more oxygen in. So, the body attempts to create ATP by the anaerobic pathway. In result, there are the production of ATP and lots of lactic acid.

Works Cited Brooks, Lizzie. “The Advantages of Anaerobic Respiration.” //Ehow//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Cell Respiration.” //Sparknotes//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Cellular Respiration.” //Wikipedia//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Cellular Respiration - Energy in a Cell.” //YouTube//. N.p., 17 Dec. 2010. Web. 29 May 2012. . DiMaria, Christine. “The Advantages of Aerobic Respiration.” //Livestrong.com//. N.p., 14 June 2011. Web. 29 May 2012. . //Estrella Mountain Community College//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Flowchart 1.” //Department of Chemistry//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . Gregory, Michael J. “Cellular Respiration.” //Clinton Community College//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “How to Measure and Record Respiratory Rate.” //EHow Health//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Images.” //Oxford University Museum of Natural History//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Muscle Metabolism.” //CliffsNotes//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . Putatunda, Rita. “Performing CPR.” //Buzzle.com//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Respiration.” //Lichfield//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Respiratory Rate.” //Wikipedia//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . Ripptoe, Michael. “How to Measure Human Respiration.” //EHow//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “Unit 4.4: Anaerobic Respiration.” //Net Texts//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. . “What is cellular respiration?” //WikiAnswers//. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2012. <http://wiki.answers.com/‌Q/‌What_is_cellular_respiration>.